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After 9/11: A Chaplain’s Journey with EMDR
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By Thomas E. Taylor, M.Div., BCETS, BCECR I first heard about Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR) at the 3rd World Congress of the International Critical Incident Stress Foundation (ICISF) in April 1995. I had understood that one had to be a licensed mental health professional to be trained in it. It definitely sounded bizarre. I remember thinking, “Eye movement, what the hell is that?” Not being a clinician, I dismissed it and put it out of my mind. A few years later it resurfaced when I picked up and read, EMDR: The Breakthrough Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress and Trauma. It was Dr. Francine Shapiro’s book about her discovery of EMDR. It certainly sounded plausible and I was intrigued. But, I wasn’t a mental health professional, and not knowing anyone trained in it, I didn’t pursue it any further. My thinking and perspective on EMDR would change forever in the weeks after 9/11. On 9/11 my fire department from North Bellmore, N.Y. responded to the World Trade Center along with many volunteer fire departments on Long Island. I wrestled with whether I should go. The firefighter in me wanted to, but I also knew that many on our critical incident team would be responding. I also knew that some members of the team needed to stay back for other calls and to be available to debrief other members of the team if needed. I was a chaplain, not a Class A firefighter. I stayed. Like many others, that first week was spent doing “one on ones” as a peer and team leader with the Nassau County Fire Commission CISM Team. I remember clearly the first firefighter I saw. Phil was a volunteer who was working in Lower Manhattan on that Tuesday morning. Being an EMT, he ran down to the World Trade Center to help and was almost caught in the first collapse. For over 90 minutes he calmly but in vivid detail told me of the traumatic day and his experiences. Phil described the people jumping from the Towers. He counted over 30 people who jumped. Some jumped together. Some jumped feet first others headfirst. I thought, how terrible it must have been that jumping to death would be the best option. I cringed. He told me of one in particular who hit a streetlight post and exploded. I was stunned. I asked Phil if he had any stress symptoms and surprisingly he mentioned only one. It was loud noises that bothered him. Car doors slamming would make him jump. It reminded him of the Tower floors collapsing on top of one another. He could still hear the steel breaking and the bolts snapping. I suggested that if this symptom continued or if others popped up to seek the help of a mental health counselor. He declined, thanked me for listening, and left. I sank in my church office chair exhausted, and staring into space. After a few of these sessions, it was becoming clear that just talking about what happened was a good start but would it be enough to address the multitude of stress symptoms that would reside in the mind and body? I talked with a colleague, Rev. Nancy Hainfeld, a pastor and clinical social worker. I learned she was certified in EMDR. She suggested I talk to Dr. David Grand, who was already treating many survivors, including firefighters from 9/11, and pick up his book, “Emotional Healing at Warp Speed: The Power of EMDR.” She also said that David’s office was in my area. It was seven blocks from my church. It was October 2001 when I called Dr. Grand. We talked for only a few minutes, but I felt an immediate connection to him. He extended an invitation to talk further about the affects of 9/11 and how I might help firefighters and other survivors. I was looking forward to meeting him. During our conversation, I mentioned to David that I knew little about EMDR but I had picked up his book. He suggested that I look at chapter four, “Tales from the Rails” to get an idea of what an EMDR session dealing with trauma might look like. The last thing he said was, “If you want me to see a firefighter or anyone from 9/11, the three to five sessions are pro bono, just call and we’ll make it happen.” I took out the book and turned to chapter four. It dealt with the treating of many Long Island Railroad engineers who had been at the controls when different tragedies would strike: suicides, vehicles crossing the path of their train that could not stop and the 1993 shooting that killed and injured many passengers. These engineers, through no fault of their own would helplessly witness death. Yet they would bury their feelings of guilt and grief. I ride the LIRR frequently and I never thought about the potential dangers engineers face. The stories and events were moving. The use of EMDR and the healing of the engineers were incredible. I read the chapter twice. I wondered if I would ever see the same kind of results in survivors from 9/11. A few days later that would become a reality. One of the important functions in Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) is “defusing.” It is a time of teaching a group about stress symptoms and about normal responses to stressful situations, as well as things we can do to help alleviate those symptoms. It was a Monday night in October when another member of the team and I held a defusing at a fire- house where that department responded to Ground Zero, and where several members worked in the city as firefighters, EMTs and police officers. Afterward, one member said he wanted to talk to me. Tim was tall and burley, but his face showed anxiety and distress. We walked out to the parking lot. His exact words to me were, “I can’t function.” I asked him what that meant. He said that for the past five weeks since 9/11, he hadn’t sleep more than one to two hours a night. He didn’t want to get up in the morning and had trouble even getting dressed. He couldn’t mow the grass. He was on medical leave from the FDNY. It was a job he loved for more than 18 years. He didn’t know if he could ever go back. I was about to resort to my usual suggestion on seeing a counselor, when he said, “I’ve told my story a hundred times, seen a therapist and a psychiatrist who put me on sleeping pills. Nothing has worked.” I nodded my head, trying to think of something helpful to say. What came to mind was, “There’s this trauma intervention called EMDR…..” As I fumbled to explain it, Tim cut me off and said, “I’ll do anything not to feel this way.” I called Dr. Grand to set up the appointment. My EMDR journey had officially begun. Dr. Grand asked me to sit in on the session with Tim’s permission. I was How does EMDR work? Actually, nobody really knows for sure. There are some thoughts, as David writes, “Many theories have been proposed, the simplest being that alternating bilateral stimulation enhances communication between the left and the right brains. In this theory, the rapid, powerful flow of EMDR processing intensifies the constant communication of all the interconnected brain structures.” (p. 24) Bilateral stimulation occurs when your eyes move back and forth, when you walk or run, when you alternate squeezing your fists or when you listen to sounds alternating from ear to ear. Sounds simple enough. But the process of EMDR should only be led by a trained and licensed mental health professional. The session began with some history-taking and establishing a safe place. Then Tim put on the headphones with Biolateral sound recordings. He picked the sound of ocean waves, which connected to his safe place: the beach. He began his story. Tim was a chauffer on an engine responding to the World Trade Center. A few minutes after arriving, the first tower collapsed. Tim was blown over 30 feet, landed on a car, was enveloped in the white cloud, then the black cloud. He was knocked unconscious. When he opened his eyes he could see nothing. His family flashed before his eyes. He thought, “I’m dead.” When he realized he was alive, he stumbled to his feet and made his way back to the engine. He asked a police officer what happened. She said one of the towers collapsed. Tim asked himself, “Where are my guys? Are they dead?” Tim would not know for several hours that they all had survived. He told us of being put in an ambulance and given fluids. He was coughing up debris. It was red. He thought he was bleeding to death internally. Later, he was told it was red Gatorade. I sat transfixed throughout the 90-minute session, watching Tim as David skillfully led him. One of the most powerful parts of the session happened when Tim told the following story: Before the first tower collapsed, he was approached by a firefighter not from his company. The firefighter asked for gear and equipment. Tim had asked the officer in charge and he gave the OK. The firefighter took the gear and left to find his company. Tim later learned that he was killed in the collapse. Tim went to the wake of this firefighter. He was somehow introduced to the father as the man who gave his son the gear. The father, obviously in grief and filled with anger, screamed at Tim, “You’re the one who killed my son.” Tim’s negative cognitive belief was, “I killed his son, a fellow firefighter.” Dr. Grand worked on this belief and moved Tim to what he would know to be the truth. Near the end of this transforming part of the session, Tim’s belief moved from, “I killed him” to “I did the best I could, I got permission to give him the gear, anyone would have done the same thing, I had nothing to do with his death.” Tim’s physical posture had gone from tense and anxious to more relaxed and calm. I was amazed at the transformation that was taking place before my eyes. EMDR had desensitized the emotional and physical symptoms from the trauma. But it had also reframed his cognitive belief from, “I killed him” to “It wasn’t my fault.” While Tim had more work to do in follow-up sessions, I had just been a witness to healing of a magnitude I had never experienced. It would be the first of many. A week later, I would be next. Dr. Grand had offered as a professional courtesy, my own sessions of EMDR. I accepted his gracious offer. I, like everyone else had a few traumas in my life. I put them in two columns: The big “Ts” and the little “ts.” One of the big “Ts” would be my focus for the first session. I listed: 1) Getting lost on the beach at age 4. 2) The sudden death of my father at age 19. 3) A truck accident on black ice in 1988. 4) Witnessing the death of a mother and three children at a house fire on Christmas Eve 1989. I thought, well this will be quite a few sessions right there. I would be quite wrong. After some history taking, I picked the ocean waves as Tim did and we began. As I sat there with my eyes closed I was asking myself, “Are there chemicals moving in my brain? ‘Does the sound trigger the memory? Is there something subliminal in this?” David’s voice interrupted my questions and he asked me, “Tom, are you trying to figure this out?” I opened my eyes and said, “Well, sort of.” I felt like the kid with his hand caught in the cookie jar. He assured me I would have ample opportunity to analyze EMDR as an observer. Right now this time was for me. I picked my first trauma: lost on the beach. I had always thought that this trauma bothered me because it brought up anxiety, fear and feelings of abandonment. I closed my eyes listening to the waves (one of the tracks on the CD with ocean sounds.) The sounds went bilaterally left ear to right ear. All of a sudden I was transported back in time. I was on the beach, frightened and somehow separated from my family. A woman stops me on the beach. She brings me over to her family and sits me on a blanket. She assures me that someone is looking for me and she gives me an orange soda. It is cold and tastes good. I’m feeling better. My father finds me and thanks the woman and we leave. I say to Dr. Grand “I’m troubled and confused.” He asks about what. “This doesn’t make sense to me….I was only 4, but I’m bothered that I never said “thank you” to the woman.” “Can you thank her now?” he asked. “Thank you.” Tears fell on my face and I felt my insides well up. I cried like a baby. “Thank you for finding me. Thank you for giving me a soda.” A sense of enormous relief came over me. That’s all I needed to do. It was over. We moved to the next: the death of my father. Similar feelings surfaced. As a teenager, I was stubborn and didn’t appreciate my Dad. Not until he died. I never told my father how much I loved him and appreciated him taking me fishing, playing chess and watching him work in his wood shop. I did during EMDR. My emotions flowed like a river. I never thought I had all that bottled up inside me. Again, I felt enormous relief. The grief I had held in for over 26 years was let go. The accident in 1988 was surprisingly quick to desensitize and reprocess. The last of the big “Ts” was next. This had been a trauma that had bothered me a great deal over the years. I focused at the beginning. It was around 3 a.m. on Christmas Eve morning, 1989. My fire department, in Liberty, N.Y., responded to a mutual aid call in Swan Lake. It was a working structure fire with people trapped. At the time, I was also a fire investigator with the Sullivan County Bureau of Fire, so I grabbed multiple cameras and drove to the scene. The adrenalin was pumping. I was hoping everyone made it out safely. When I arrived, the small house was almost to the ground. It was made mostly of particleboard and went up in flames quickly. It was bitterly cold and I kept the cameras inside my turnout coat to keep them warm. The husband and father arrived from working late. I could still hear his cries in a foreign tongue. But we all knew what they meant. The mother was found first, then the 16-year-old boy. The twelve- year-old boy was found awhile later. It was my job to document the scene. I shot several rolls of film, around the building and of the bodies. I had taken investigative pictures of bodies before, but not of children. It was horrific. The smell of burnt flesh is a smell you never forget. We couldn’t find the youngest, a five-year-old girl. I thought, maybe she stayed at a friend’s house. Three of us were digging in an area and someone said, “I think I’m standing on something.” My stomach flipped and I felt sick. We dug and there she was, about four feet from the doorway. She was four feet from safety and life. I don’t remember driving home. When I arrived, I immediately went to my son’s room, who was four years old. I checked to make sure he was breathing and I felt his feet for warmth. I then went to my daughter’s room, who was only two months old. She was breathing and warm. My wife was sleeping. I then checked all the smoke detectors in the house. I sat in the living room, still in my bunker pants and boots staring at the ceiling. I thought I was losing my mind. I didn’t know back then, anything of CISM. I didn’t know that my reactions were normal to an abnormal situation. I went to the firehouse to help clean the tanker and equipment. None of us talked about what happened. I mentioned the fire in my sermon on Christmas Eve. The sights, sounds and smells had been with me ever since. A few years ago, I ran into a fire chief who was at the fire. I asked him if he ever thought about that night. “All the time.” he said. Rarely would a week go by that I wouldn’t think about it. Around Christmas time each year, I would think about it everyday. I couldn’t get the images, screams and odors out of my system. I had rarely talked about it for the last 12 years, until this day. Again, like the other traumas, it was like watching a movie of the events. I was both a participant and an observer. When it was over, I was exhausted. The pent up grief was gone and so were the symptoms in mind and body. I looked at my watch. In this 90-minute session we had processed four traumas that had given me stress symptoms for years and there were a few minutes left. If I didn’t experience it, I wouldn’t have believed it. We made an appointment for a follow-up session and I went home. My wife asked me how I was feeling. I remember saying, “My brain feels like a hamster on one of those wheels spinning around.” It was hard to describe. The best analogy I’ve heard of what EMDR accomplishes is how Dr. Bergmann describes it, “It’s like defragmenting the hard drive on your computer.” I was tired but felt cleansed, depleted, yet symptom free. I slept for two hours. In the follow-up session, some of the smaller “ts” were addressed. I felt better than ever, like a weight had been lifted off of me. Two months later I would volunteer at Ground Zero. St. Paul’s Chapel, the respite center near Ground Zero was looking for chaplains to be present for eight-hour shifts. St. Paul’s was the makeshift respite care center for emergency service and construction workers at Ground Zero. It was a safe place for food, rest and prayer. I began working there in December 2001. That month I was also trained by the Red Cross to serve as one of the 60 chaplains at the temporary morgue (T-Mort) at Ground Zero. Our primary mission was to pray over and bless the remains of those who perished on 9/11. We stayed at the morgue unless a call came in for the chaplain to respond to the “pit.” At my orientation in early January, I walked around with the chaplain coordinator at the morgue, Fr. Tom Faulkner. He received a call to respond to the pit at the south tower site. I went along. For safety reasons, chaplains were called into the pit only when identifiable human remains were found. I watched and listened as Tom compassionately prayed over the remains, both in the pit and at the morgue. I knew right away that I was standing on sacred ground. In the morgue, the stench of death was overwhelming. I saw a container of Vicks on a shelf, but decided not to use it. I thought back to the fire on Christmas Eve, 1989. But the images and senses from that night no longer had a grip on me. Another trauma had now taken its place of a magnitude none of us had ever experienced. It was during my third shift that I would know what it was like to be near bedrock at Ground Zero. I had arrived around 11 p.m. on a Thursday night in February for the 12-8 a.m. shift. Sometime in the early morning a call came in to the FDNY EMS officer at the temporary morgue for the chaplain. I rode down the dirt ramp on the small four-wheel vehicle called the gator. I was very anxious as we entered the site six stories beneath ground level. It was in the area where the north tower once stood. As I approached the firefighters and police officers formed a semi-circle around the upper torso of a woman. They removed their helmets and bowed their heads. I removed my hard hat and respirator and began the prayer, “Into your hands, O merciful God, we commend your servant and child….. I concluded with the words, “Let us go forth in peace.” The torso was placed in a bag for remains, put in the basket-stretcher, draped in the American flag and placed on the gator. We went back to the morgue where the medical examiner and detectives examined and documented the remains. Found on the torso was a gold necklace with the words, “Ti Amo” which means, “I love you” in Spanish. She was someone’s daughter or wife, sister, mother and friend. I said the same prayers in the morgue that I had at the site where the remains were found. I was deeply moved by the compassion and care the recovery and morgue teams had for the remains they found and the difficult job they did. How could they do this work hour after hour, day after day? I wonder to this day how they are coping. There was one overnight shift I had when no remains were found. I spent most of that time in the EMS office at the morgue. It was there I met Paul. Paul was a paramedic with over 20 years on the job. He was easy to talk to and he shared a story with me. It was not about 9/11, but about a call he responded to when he first began working in EMS many years ago. He was still suffering from stress symptoms from that call. I told him about EMDR and what I experienced. He was interested. I called David and made an appointment. I would again be a witness to an incredible healing. During the session, the story again unfolded. Paul and his partner went to a scene where a two-year-old boy fell off an 11 story building. Usually, anything over five stories results in immediate death. But this boy was still alive, barely. Paul thought he must have hit a tree or some object that partially cushioned his fall. His small body was badly hurt and he went into cardiac arrest. In applying CPR, blood from the boy’s mouth entered Paul’s mouth. When they arrived at the hospital, the boy’s father was screaming for his son. Paul then told David what he told me at the morgue. The taste of blood and the screams of the father had never left him. These symptoms were as present today as they were almost 20 years ago. Through the use of EMDR, Dr. Grand led Paul through the events of that horrible day. Again, the physical symptoms of stress were addressed. The tension in Paul’s chest and the knot in his stomach were released. After a few minutes of silence as he listened to the Biolateral sounds, Paul lifted his head up, opened his eyes and said very calmly, “I don’t taste the blood and I don’t hear the screams…they’re more muted in the distance.” Later, in the parking lot Paul turned to me and said, “I don’t know what the hell happened in there….but something really happened.” I smiled. Dr. Grand had helped Paul peal away a long attached layer of trauma and I was privileged to witness it. I knew that working at the temporary morgue and at St. Paul’s Chapel was traumatizing me. It was now April 2002 and the projected time for finishing the recovery at Ground Zero was the end of May. I thought I could wait until it was all over to process the traumas I experienced. How wrong I was. It was Saturday, April 8. Visiting Lutheran bishops and pastors from all over the country were here to support pastors and congregations in New York City, Long Island and the surrounding areas in the wake of 9/11. A pastor and fire chaplain from Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, along with his wife would be guests at my church on Sunday. Sixteen of us went out to dinner at a local restaurant. About midway through the meal, a few seats away, another pastor who was also a fire and police chaplain from out west asked me what it was like to work at Ground Zero. She asked a few specific questions and I responded. As I was talking, I felt an elbow in my side. It was my wife’s elbow. She leaned over and said in my ear, “What is the matter with you. The couple across from us almost lost their dinner.” I was puzzled. “What are you talking about?” I asked. Then I looked across the table. The pastor and her husband from Wisconsin had stopped eating, holding their utensils and had a “deer-in-the-headlights” look. Others around After my experiences at Ground Zero, I learned a simple and valuable lesson: EMDR and any treatment for trauma does not inoculate one from future traumas. Talking about what happens in the proper place can be very helpful, but when it comes to trauma, as Tim reminded me, “I’ve told my story a hundred times.” It just doesn’t go away. One of the unique things about EMDR is that you don’t have to talk about the experience if you don’t want to. Psychiatrist, Dr. Bessel Van Der Kolk writes in the book, EMDR as an Integrative Psychotherapy Approach, “EMDR seems to be able to accomplish its therapeutic action without forcing people to articulate in words the source of their distress. In other words, it seems to be possible for EMDR to be effective even when people remain in a relative state of speechlessness.” (p. 72) That is very important, especially when a client, like a victim of sexual or physical abuse does not want to share horrendous details about what happened. With EMDR, it is equally effective whether one talks about the trauma or not. My experience has been that most people will share at least some of their story if not all of it. But knowing they don’t have to is a major advantage in treatment. One recovery worker I met just after the first 9/11 commemoration was exactly in that situation. John, a police officer, worked at Ground Zero for several weeks. He thought he had seen about everything you could in his almost 30 years on the force. John was a big guy, a bit rough around the edges, but had a wonderful sense of humor. He was a great story-teller. I liked John a lot. But Ground Zero had taken its toll on him. He said, “I saw things that no human being should ever see.” At one point in a session about Ground Zero, John was shaking his head. After a couple of minutes Dr. Grand asked what was happening. John said, “I can’t talk about it.” David assured him he didn’t have to talk. John continued, “It’s too horrifying.” I had the feeling that John wanted to talk about it, but didn’t think we could handle it. I wanted to desperately say to John, “It’s OK, we can handle it!” But I sat in my observer’s chair silent. It was the first time I felt frustrated. I reminded myself, John doesn’t have to talk for this to work. After several minutes, John in obvious anguish blurted out, “Why did he cut it in half?” “Why did he have to do that?” Silence again. I felt like I was in a boat in uncharted waters. Finally, John said it. “It was a firefighter, he was removing a body all entwined in the twisted steel. It was awful. He cut the body in half with a power saw.” John was in tears. Now I knew why he didn’t want to talk about it. John thought this was desecrating the body. But the power of EMDR was already working. In the next few minutes John had come to realize that the firefighter had no other choice, in order to remove the body. He now realized how horrific it was for the firefighter and for everyone who had the difficult task of recovering bodies and body parts. It was after this session that I realized how much secondary trauma we take on as helpers and healers listening to their stories. I think David sensed my absorption rate when at the next session with John, he handed me a set of pulsating tapers. The tapers accomplish the same thing as eye-movements and bilateral sounds from a CD. It is the left to right alternating of the vibrations that work. When used without focusing on anything in particular I’ll admit, there is still a bit of a skeptic in me. Show me and prove it, are my mottos. But as a pastor I live by faith. Some things are a mystery, yet remain true. EMDR is one of those mysteries. EMDR is not a magic pill, nor is it as simple as it appears, and the experience and competence of the therapist is crucial. Surprisingly, many mental health professionals de-bonk and dismiss EMDR as just a fad. It is less than 20 years old. It’s still the new kid on the block. EMDR has been going through the scrutiny that CISM has recently incurred. Dr. Shapiro writes, “ Like anything new, EMDR should not be accepted uncritically. One of the benefits of having a chorus of concerned skeptics is that it drives proponents to produce an extraordinary amount of evidence to back up their claims. As a result, there are now more controlled studies supporting the effectiveness of EMDR than of any other method used in the treatment of trauma. In most recent studies, 84 to 90 percent of the people using EMDR – victims of rape, natural disaster, loss of a child, catastrophic illness, or other traumas- have recovered from posttraumatic stress in only three sessions. Before EMDR, that was unheard of.” (p. 5) The thinking world will demand more research and trial testing. But many studies have already been done. In his book, Instinct to Heal, psychiatrist and neuroscientist, Dr. David Servan-Schreiber writes, “What finally convinced me was a study of 80 patients with emotional trauma who were treated with EMDR, which was published in one of the most demanding journals in clinical psychology, The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. In that study, 80 percent of patients experienced a recovery from their traumatic syndromes within three 90-minute sessions. This recovery rate is comparable to that of antibiotics in pneumonia. I don’t know of any treatment in psychiatry, including the most powerful medications, that has ever reported results of this magnitude over 3 weeks. Of course, I worried that the results achieved so rapidly could not possibly last. However, the same group of patients had been followed for 15 months after the treatment as at the end of the three sessions. Given such data, I thought it would be unconscionable for me not to learn EMDR and see for myself.” (p. 78) What I experienced for myself and what I saw and heard was not a fad. There was no slight of hand, no smoke and mirrors. In over fifty sessions as an observer, my opinions are based solely on first hand personal experience. I now know what many others have known for several years. When it comes to dealing with trauma, EMDR overwhelmingly works. I have been asked, “Do the affects of EMDR last?” The answer for me is simple and personal, yes. There have been zero symptoms of posttraumatic stress from the traumas I have processed for the past two years. EMDR is a powerful tool in treating those traumatized. It integrates with other therapeutic methods and fits very well in the repertoire of licensed mental health professionals. As a pastor and chaplain, I continue to, whenever possible, point those traumatized who seek help to EMDR therapists to assist them on the road to healing and recovery. I have been blessed to know and work with many outstanding trauma therapists who have been using EMDR for years. Francine Shapiro was given a gift and she shared it with the world. My hope is that mental health professionals who have ignored or completely dismissed EMDR will take another look. Heartfelt thanks to David Grand and Uri Bergmann for allowing me to be an observer and on occasion, a spiritual participant in the healing process. Thanks also to those clients who trusted me and gave me a unique opportunity to witness their vulnerability, perseverance and courage. It was and continues to be an honor and a privilege to sit and watch emotional, physical and spiritual healing take place. Without question, it has been one of the most powerful, meaningful and sacred experiences of my life. Since 9/11, I have made many friends and contacts in the therapeutic community and I now have resources of referrals to offer that did not exist before 9/11. As for myself, my experiences with EMDR have taught me another valuable lesson: not to bury my emotions. While giving a presentation on my experiences from 9/11 this past July, I broke down. I was angry with myself for “losing it.” I mentioned this to David Grand and he reminded me, “You didn’t lose it, you found it.” EMDR will remove the trauma but the natural grief process and memory will still be present, as they should be. In closing, I continue to think about the potential for future traumatic healing. There are many tools that are available for helpers and healers. Thomas E. Taylor, M.Div., BCETS, BCECR References and Resources: Books Emotional Healing at Warp Speed: The Power of EMDR, David Grand, EMDR as an Integrative Psychotherapy Approach, Francine Shapiro, editor, 2002, American Psychological Association The Instinct to Heal: Curing Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Without Drugs and Without Talk Therapy, David Servan-Schreiber, 2004, Rodale Press Websites Copyright 2004, Thomas E. Taylor |
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